This paper studies the mechanism of belt friction heat generation and fire occurrence in Mengda mining transportation roadway. Through the self-designed test bench, the friction process between coal and adhesive tape was simulated, and the temperature change was monitored by infrared thermal imaging technology, and the friction heating law was revealed. At the same time, the FDS software was used to simulate the fire in the transportation roadway, and the influence of different wind speeds on the fire spread was analyzed. The results show that the heat generated by the friction between the tape and the coal is the main cause of the fire, and the wind speed has a significant effect on the fire spread. This paper provides important data support for the underground fire prevention project of Mengda Mining Industry, which is of great significance to ensure the safe production of coal mines.