In view of the problems of mining succession and low mining rate caused by the slow roadway excavation in Guotun Mine, the transportation roadway in the second mining area of the mine was taken as an example, combined with the geological production conditions of the test roadway, and the comprehensive investigation was adopted to analyze the main influencing factors and prevention and control measures for rapid mining. The research showed that the main influencing factors were complex geological structure, unreasonable design and support, complicated transportation system, single auxiliary transportation form, and immature personnel equipment management. Based on this, the prevention and control measures such as strengthening the geological prediction and forecasting, optimizing the construction process, optimizing the auxiliary transportation system, and innovative management concepts were proposed, which effectively solved the existing problems and provided reference and guidance for similar mine rapid mining projects.