Taking the Hetou coalfield in Xiao County of Anhui Province as the research object, the geological characteristics of the coalfield were analyzed. The sedimentary basement of the mining area is Ordovician, and the overall structure is a monoclinic structure inclined westward. The shallow part is steep and the deep part is slow. The faults and magmatic rocks in the area are developed, which have a great influence on the coal seam. And the overall structural complexity is medium. The area is flat and the water system is developed. The aquifer group of Shihezi Formation and the aquifer group of Shanxi Formation pose a great threat to the mining of the deposit. The engineering geological conditions are simple to moderate. The mining area is a part of Zhahe coalfield in the region, which has extensive industrial value and development and utilization prospects.