To effectively improve the single-advance efficiency of coal and rock roadways in the comprehensive excavation working face and reduce the impact of excavation time caused by the construction of geological advanced exploration boreholes and advanced geophysical exploration construction, the in-situ seismic advanced exploration technology during excavation was adopted to focus on the continuous detection and prediction of whether there were abnormal bodies such as geological structures in front of the excavation roadway. The regular vibration waves generated by the cutting vibration of the comprehensive excavation machine were used to simulate the directional wave field produced by a single excited explosive in trough wave seismic detection. When the vibration waves propagated to the interface of structural bodies such as faults, the transmission wave speed and energy were affected by disturbance and attenuation, resulting in abnormal signal back-transmission. After imaging analysis, the exact location range where the abnormal body occurs was finally determined. Through the application test carried out at the open-off cut of No. 21020 working face of Liangdu Mine of Shanxi Fenxi Mining Group, the detection range was about 67 to 80 meters of excavation mileage. After actual drilling and excavation, it was revealed and verified that the fault occurrence location was 75 to 80 meters of excavation mileage. The overall location area was consistent with the exploration conclusion and had high accuracy and reliability.