To address the issues of slow excavation progress and complex conditions in the coal roadway at Jingfang Mine and to improve excavation efficiency, a multi-factor orthogonal experiment on the stability of surrounding rock in coal roadways was conducted using FLAC3D numerical simulation software. This experiment revealed the dominant role of unsupported roof distance in the stability of surrounding rock in the unsupported area of deep roadways. Through methods including theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, and field industrial experiments, a reasonable unsupported roof distance suitable for the No. 3 coal seam at Jingfang Mine was proposed. A mechanical model of the roof in the unsupported area was established, and the limit unsupported roof distance was calculated as 3.24 m. Considering both safety and efficiency, 1.6 m was determined as the reasonable unsupported roof distance. Field investigations showed that after optimizing the unsupported roof distance, the monthly advance rate reached 330 m. Under the premise of ensuring surrounding rock stability, the operation procedures were simplified, and the roadway formation speed was accelerated, achieving high production and high efficiency for the mine.