In the process of mining, the top and bottom slab accident is the main factor threatening the safety production of mines, Libi Mine was taken as the research object, the drilling data and rock physics and mechanics experimental results were counted, the engineering geological characteristics of the top and bottom slab of the main mining coal seam were analyzed, the rock quality coefficient method and the rock quality index method of the rock quality system were used to evaluate the rock quality of the top and bottom slab of the coal seam, and the stability of the top and bottom slab was analyzed. The analysis of the stability of the top and bottom slabs, the prediction of top and bottom slab accidents in combination with the tectonic development characteristics of coal mines, provided a theoretical basis for safe coal mining.