In order to study the influence of different seismic source conditions on the failure and energy release law of roadway surrounding rock under dynamic load impact conditions, PFC was used to establish a numerical model of 30 m × 20 m roadway. Under the same mining stress and dynamic load energy conditions, four seismic source positions of X = -2 m, -4 m, -6 m and-8 m were set up to carry out dynamic disturbance research. The results showed that the source location significantly affected the secondary distribution of surrounding rock displacement and stress, the evolution of force chain distribution and the characteristics of energy release. Near the source position, the roof displacement, stress fluctuation and energy peak were the largest, the distribution state of the roof force chain was weakened, and the surrounding rock was prone to roof-dominated instability. As the source gradually moved away, the center of displacement and energy release migrated to the side of the roadway, and various energy peaks gradually decreased. The failure mode of surrounding rock changed from roof-dominated instability to lateral local disturbance of the roadway side. In addition, the location of the source determined the propagation path and spatial distribution of dynamic load energy in the surrounding rock, and it was proposed that the surrounding rock of the roof should be strengthened in the near-source area, and the anchoring and anti-impact should be strengthened. The far source area should strengthen the control of the corresponding side roadway.