The effects of different influencing factors such as adsorption time, adsorbent concentration, system pH value, ionic strength, temperature, kinetics and thermodynamics on the adsorption of Pb2+ by Na-based bentonite were studied. The experimental results show that the adsorption of Pb2+ by Na-based bentonite can be completed in a relatively short time, and the pseudo-second-order kinetic rate equation can simulate the relevant data well. With the increase of the adsorbent concentration in the system, more adsorption points were provided, thus the adsorption of Pb2+ by Na-basecl bentonite was promoted. The lower pH reaction system was beneficial to the adsorption of Pb2+. The thermodynamic data show that the adsorption of Pb2+ by Na-based bentonite is an endothermic process, and the higher temperature promotes the adsorption process.