The ultra-close distance coal seam mining at No. 9103 and 10103 Faces of Huayuan Coal Industry was taken as the research background, and the fracture evolution and movement deformation characteristics of the overburden during the combined mining of the upper and lower coal seams were deeply analyzed by method of similar material simulation experiments. The research results indicated that as the working face advanced continuously, the evolution of overburden fractures underwent three stages: initial stability, mid-stage accelerated expansion, and late-stage stabilization, and the subsidence deformation of the roof overburden also exhibited similar phased characteristics. In the initial stage, fractures developed slowly, and the roof remained relatively stable; in the mid-stage, fractures rapidly expanded, and the roof subsidence increased significantly; in the late stage, both fracture development and roof subsidence tended to stabilize. This study not only revealed the movement patterns and deformation mechanisms of the overburden during ultra-close distance coal seam mining but also provided important scientific basis and technical support for optimizing roadway layout design and improving coal mining efficiency and safety.