In order to study the destruction mechanism of the top plate aquifer by coal seam mining in Huozhou Mine, a numerical model was established by F-RFPA2D software to dynamically simulate the destruction process of the top plate of the coal seam during mining. After simulation analysis, it showed that the stress concentration phenomenon was obvious at the cutting eye and coal wall support in the process of working face mining, and with the further advancement of the working face, the stress started to gradually expand to the surrounding area, the direct top plate collapsed with mining, the basic top rock structure changed, and the overlying fracture and separated rock blocks partly closed under the combined influence of self-weight and mining disturbance, and even some sections affected the surface. The formation of water-conducting fracture zones after coal seam mining caused damage to the structure of the top plate aquifer, resulting in negative environmental effects such as the decline of the water level and the drying up of springs.