The size of coal pillar is one of the key factors to maintain the stability of surrounding rock of coal pillar roadway. In order to study the failure characteristics of surrounding rock of roadway under different coal pillars, the No.S5-15 working face of Changcun Mine was taken as the engineering background, the structural characteristics of coal pillars with different widths were analyzed by UDEC numerical simulation software, and the stability control scheme of surrounding rock of narrow coal pillar roadway during roadway excavation under one side goaf condition was discussed. The results showed that with the increase of the width of the coal pillar, the maximum principal stress in the direction of the right shoulder angle of the roadway was gradually transferred to the coal pillar, and the range of the elastic zone of the coal pillar was also gradually increased, and the bearing structure formed by the coal pillar was better. Taking 6 m narrow coal pillar as an example, the stability control scheme of roadway surrounding rock was compared and discussed. It was found that roof cutting and pressure relief on the basis of cable-stayed anchor cable had the best effect on the stability of roadway surrounding rock.