In order to improve the flotation efficiency of fine-grained coal, reduce the consumption of chemicals in the flotation process and improve the effect of fine-grained coal sorting, with several common traps, acting on two kinds of coal with different degrees of oxidation and different degrees of deterioration, the action mechanism of traps on coal and minerals was investigated, which can reduce the energy consumption of flotation equipment and improve the flotation efficiency through fine-grained coal reverse flotation test and infrared spectroscopy experiment. The importance of the experimental results showed that under the effect of different trapping agents, kaolinite flotation was poor and the consumption of chemicals was large; kaolinite and quartz flotation was good under acidic conditions and calcite flotation was good under weak alkaline conditions; the trapping agent was combined with coal by physical adsorption.